Day	23	빈칸 추론_절, 문장 (3)

패턴 대표 문항  2018학년도 수능 34

다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Over the past 60 years, as mechanical processes have replicated behaviors and talents we thought were unique to humans, we’ve had to change our minds about what sets us apart. As we invent more species of AI, we will be forced to surrender more of what is supposedly unique about humans. Each step of surrender — we are not the only mind that can play chess, fly a plane, make music, or invent a mathematical law — will be painful and sad. We’ll spend the next three decades — indeed, perhaps the next century — in a permanent identity crisis, continually asking ourselves what humans are good for. If we aren’t unique toolmakers, or artists, or moral ethicists, then what, if anything, makes us special? In the grandest irony of all, the greatest benefit of an everyday, utilitarian AI will not be increased productivity or an economics of abundance or a new way of doing science — although all those will happen. The greatest benefit of the arrival of artificial intelligence is that                         .

* replicate 복제하다

① AIs will help define humanity

② humans could also be like AIs

③ humans will be liberated from hard labor

④ AIs could lead us in resolving moral dilemmas

⑤ AIs could compensate for a decline in human intelligence

2018학년도 6월 평가원 32

2301 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Politics cannot be suppressed, whichever policy process is employed and however sensitive and respectful of differences it might be. In other words, there is no end to politics. It is wrong to think that proper institutions, knowledge, methods of consultation, or participatory mechanisms can make disagreement go away. Theories of all sorts promote the view that there are ways by which disagreement can be processed or managed so as to make it disappear. The assumption behind those theories is that disagreement is wrong and consensus is the desirable state of things. In fact, consensus rarely comes without some forms of subtle coercion and the absence of fear in expressing a disagreement is a source of genuine freedom. Debates cause disagreements to evolve, often for the better, but a positively evolving debate does not have to equal a reduction in disagreement. The suppression of disagreement should never be made into a goal in political deliberation. A defense is required against any suggestion that                        .

* consensus 합의 ** coercion 강압

① political development results from the freedom of speech

② political disagreement is not the normal state of things

③ politics should not restrict any form of difference

④ freedom could be achieved only through tolerance

⑤ suppression could never be a desirable tool in politics

2018학년도 10월 교육청 32

2302 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

So closely is sniffing tied to odor perception that people routinely sniff when they are asked to imagine a smell. Without prompting, they take larger sniffs when imagining pleasant odors and smaller ones when imagining malodors. During visual imagery the eyes explore an imagined scene using the same scan paths made when viewing the actual visual scene. Preventing eye movements during visual imagery — by having people stare at a stationary target — reduces the quality of the image. Smell researcher Noam Sobel found that, similarly, imagined odors were more vivid when people could sniff than when they were wearing nose clips and unable to sniff. Actually sniffing increased the unpleasantness of an imagined bad smell (urine) and increased the pleasantness of a good one (flowers). Sniffing at an imaginary odor isn’t an absentminded habit — it’s a behavior that                         .

* malodor 고약한 냄새

① enhances our mobility when we are in danger

② mixes various senses into an integrated image

③ compensates for the visual deficiency in the dark

④ improves the mental image we are trying to create

⑤ helps us relate ourselves with a particular natural object

2017학년도 6월 평가원 32

2303 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

What story could be harsher than that of the Great Auk, the large black-and-white seabird that in northern oceans took the ecological place of a penguin? Its tale rises and falls like a Greek tragedy, with island populations savagely destroyed by humans until almost all were gone. Then the very last colony found safety on a special island, one protected from the destruction of humankind by vicious and unpredictable ocean currents. These waters presented no problem to perfectly adapted seagoing birds, but they prevented humans from making any kind of safe landing. After enjoying a few years of comparative safety, disaster of a different kind struck the Great Auk. Volcanic activity caused the island refuge to sink completely beneath the waves, and surviving individuals were forced to find

shelter elsewhere. The new island home they chose                  in one terrible way. Humans could access it with comparative ease, and they did! Within just a few years the last of this once-plentiful species was entirely eliminated.

* savagely 잔혹하게

① lacked the benefits of the old

② denied other colonies easy access

③ faced unexpected natural disasters

④ caused conflicts among the refugees

⑤ had a similar disadvantage to the last island

2016학년도 수능 32

2304 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Research and development for seed improvement has long been a public domain and government activity for the common good. However, private capital started to flow into seed production and took it over as a sector of the economy, creating an artificial split between the two aspects of the seed’s nature: its role as means of production and its role as product. This process gained pace after the invention of hybrid breeding of maize in the late 1920s. Today most maize seed cultivated are hybrids. The companies that sell them are able to keep the distinct parent lines from farmers, and the grain that they produce is not suited for seed saving and replanting. The combination guarantees that farmers will have to                    . In the 1990s the extension of patent laws as the only intellectual property rights tool into the area of seed varieties started to create a growing market for private seed companies.

* maize 옥수수

① buy more seed from the company each season

② use more chemical fertilizer than before

③ pioneer markets for their food products

④ increase the efficiency of food production

⑤ search for ways to maintain rural communities

2016학년도 6월 평가원 32

2305 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

We tend to assume that the way to get more time is to speed up. But speeding up can actually slow us down. Anyone who has ever rushed out of the house only to realize that their keys and wallet are sitting on the kitchen table knows this only too well. And it’s not just our efficiency that is reduced. The quality of the experience suffers too, as we become less aware or ‘mindful.’ Have you ever eaten an entire meal without tasting any of it? Hurrying up doesn’t just give us less time, it can also steal the pleasure and benefit from the time that we do have. For many of us, hurrying is a way of life. Some of us enjoy the thrill that it gives us while others are driven crazy by the constant pressure and feel that their lives are speeding up to an unacceptable degree. Either way, there are almost certainly areas of our life that could be                     .

① affected by temporary sufferings

② disturbed by inconsistent behaviors

③ enhanced by a little go-slow behavior

④ complicated by slow-but-steady actions

⑤ dominated by a little speedy decision making

2015학년도 수능 33

2306 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

According to a renowned French scholar, the growth in the size and complexity of human populations was the driving force in the evolution of science. Early, small communities had to concentrate all their physical and mental effort on survival; their thoughts were focused on food and religion. As communities became larger, some people had time to reflect and debate. They found that they could understand and predict events better if they reduced passion and prejudice, replacing these with observation and inference. But while a large population may have been necessary, in itself it was not sufficient for science to germinate. Some empires were big, but the rigid social control required to hold an empire together was not beneficial to science, just as it was not beneficial to reason. The early nurturing and later flowering of science                   to support original thought and freewheeling incentive. The rise in commerce and the decline of authoritarian religion allowed science to follow reason in seventeenth-century Europe.

* germinate 싹트다, 발아하다

① prompted small communities to adopt harsh social norms

② resulted from passion and enthusiasm rather than inference

③ occurred in large communities with strict hierarchical structures

④ were solely attributed to efforts of survival in a small community

⑤ required a large and loosely structured, competitive community

2014학년도 수능 A 35, B 31

2307 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Sometimes all the outcomes customers are trying to achieve in one area have a negative effect on other outcomes. This is very common when companies are busy listening to the ‘voice of the customer.’ Traveling salespeople, for example, may say they want a smaller cell phone, but they may not have thought about how hard that tiny phone will be to use. Carpenters may request a lightweight circular saw without thinking about the fact that it will no longer have the power to get through some of the more difficult jobs. When customers make requests for new product features, they are usually focused on solving just one problem and are not thinking of how their requested solution will                     . In this situation, customers request new features but reject the resulting product when they realize the ramifications of their suggestions — the added feature turns out to be worthless because of the problems it causes.

* ramification 파생된 문제

① impact other product or service functions

② delay the introduction of innovative products

③ induce other customers to make additional requests

④ bring about excessive competition among companies

⑤ d iscourage companies from listening to customers’ voices

2014학년도 수능 B 33

2308 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Policymaking is seen to be more objective when experts play a large role in the creation and implementation of the policy, and when utilitarian rationality is the dominant value that guides policy. Through the use of the scientific method to determine the facts of any given policy situation, the power of social constructions is supposedly diminished, and solutions to social problems are discovered in an objective way. This process creates an illusion of neutrality and implies a transcendence of the pitfalls and inequalities commonly associated with policymaking. From this perspective, scientists and professionals emerge as the appropriate experts to be consulted in policymaking, while local citizen input and knowledge is often viewed as unnecessary. Scientific and professional policy design does not necessarily escape the pitfalls of degenerative politics. Scientific and professional expertise often relies on a particular type of knowledge that is limited to utility and rationality considerations. This approach to policy typically does not consider values and cultural factors that cannot be measured empirically. Scientifically designed policies can serve interests that run counter to the public interest. They                      .

* transcendence 초월

① use empirically proven theories to reflect locals’ input

② do stress cultural values rather than utilitarian ones

③ may be free from the inequalities of policymaking

④ can reinforce unequal and unjust relationships

⑤ reveal objective solutions to social problems

2014학년도 9월 평가원 B 32

2309 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

So often, we get caught up in the minutiae of our jobs — tedious annoyances and struggles that may be temporary roadblocks but feel more like concrete mountains. While there’s plenty of research that shows that people who work with the muscles above their neck create all kinds of stresses for themselves, it’s the people who focus on the why of their jobs (as opposed to the what and the how) who can manage the day-to-day problems more easily. That is, if you can define the purpose of your career or feel passionate about the mission of your company, you can much more easily handle the occasional server maintenance that disrupts your in-box. The flip side is that if you’re working in any area (or company) that doesn’t align with your own value, all the little stuff                              .

* minutiae 상세, 세목, 사소한 점

① focuses on the why, belittling the what and the how

② liberates you from the prison of daily routines

③ snowballs into a big ball of daily disasters

④ paves your way to climb up the corporate ladder

⑤ illuminates the true value of what you have to do

2014학년도 9월 평가원 B 33

2310 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

People knowingly or unknowingly will take too much, even though it is not for anyone’s collective or long-term good. As Hardin put it, “Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all.” Consider a traffic jam on a main road going into any big city. Each person picks that particular road for the logical reason that it’s the fastest route. In the beginning, each additional car does not slow the traffic down, as there is enough room on the road for the additional drivers. At some point, however, each car reduces the average speed, and eventually there are so many drivers that the traffic slows to a crawl. All the people seeking to minimize their own driving time add up to a longer commute for everyone. Doing what’s rational              , including you. On a global scale, the same thing can befall environmental issues such as overfished seas and rivers, air pollution, and water scarcity.

① leads to logical consequences for all drivers

② is compatible with the maximum benefit of each driver

③ enhances unselfish interests of each and every commuter

④ is not well executed by the unexpected behaviors of some drivers

⑤ results in a negative outcome to the collective interest of all drivers