Lesson 01 Hard Goals, Smart Success

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Have you written down your New Year’s resolutions? There are many types of resolutions. Every student sets goals to improve his or her life in some way or another. However, they have some difficulties in achieving their goals. What can they do to stay on track? Let’s take a look at three students who have different goals. They need some advice on how to succeed.

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Min Jisu (18)

People say I am smart because I get good grades in my classes. However, they give more praise to my cousin, Yonghun, because he sometimes gets better grades. I have studied past midnight almost every day, but my grades are not improving. It’s frustrating. On the other hand, Yonghun doesn’t seem to study hard. He often gets together with his reading club members or hangs out with his friends on weekends. I thought that I could do anything if I just worked hard. What can I do to get better grades?

A.

Jisu, here are a couple of tips for you. First, make sure the goal is what you really want to achieve. Do you really want to get the best grades for your own satisfaction, or are you just trying to satisfy someone else’s expectations? Figure out what you expect of yourself, and then go for it! Second, many students say they want to improve their grades, but this is not a very specific goal. What kind of grades do you want, and in which subjects? For example, determine which subjects are giving you the most difficulty and set specific goals, like "I will study math for one hour a day."  By making your ultimate goals more specific, you will be able to get results more quickly.

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Steve Denton (18)

My goal is to buy a brand new, top-of-the-line tablet PC. I got my older sister’s laptop computer two years ago, and she had used it for one year. It’s not cool or useful. I can get a brand new tablet PC for $900. I got a part-time job, but I don’t earn much money. I have only saved about $100 a month since February. It will take me almost a year to buy the tablet PC I want! My mom suggested that I buy a cheaper new tablet PC that doesn’t have all the features. But I’m tired of compromising! I want the best!

A.

Steve, it’s very easy to be tempted by nice things that others have. However, remember that these things don’t always bring happiness. Sometimes, they can bring stress: imagine how you would feel if you dropped or lost your new, expensive tablet PC. It wouldn’t cause you as much distress if the PC you broke or lost didn’t cost you nine months’ salary! Also, it’s just not realistic to try and buy everything that we want. Sometimes, it is important to lower our expectations and shoot for things that are within reach. Set realistic goals and you will not be setting yourself up for disappointment.

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Liwen Cheng (18)

I want to get in better shape, but I seem to hate exercising. My mom suggested I use our treadmill at home, but I got bored with it after just one week. Then my dad suggested I go running outdoors with him, but after a few times, my legs really hurt. I started making excuses, and finally my dad stopped asking me to go running with him. I am not seeing any progress on my goal to become more fit.

A.

Liwen, it seems that you get bored too quickly to see any progress. You should join an exercise club or a sports team to find others who are also interested in being fit. By working with other people who are going for the same goal, you will have psychological support, and you might also learn different techniques that will help you achieve your goal. And remember to keep a record of your progress. Note how far you can run every day without stopping and how well you can do a certain exercise day by day. By noting your progress, you can see how your effort is paying off, and you won’t get bored!

As you can see, there are many ways to overcome obstacles in achieving your goals. You can adjust your goals, or break your big goal into a series of smaller ones. Every small success you have on the way will get you closer to your ultimate goal. Every failure you have on your way will teach you something valuable about yourself, and make your final success that much sweeter!

Lesson 02  A New Way of Looking at Comics

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In Japan, they call them manga; in Latin America, historietas; in Italy, fumetti; in Brazil, historia em quadrinhos; and in the U.S. comics. But no matter what you call them, comics are a favorite source of reading pleasure in many parts of the world.

In case you are wondering how popular comics are, the bestselling comic title in the U.S. sells about 4.5 million copies a year. All of Mexico's comic titles together sell over seven million copies a week. But Japan is by far the leading publisher of comics in the world. Manga account for nearly 40 percent of all the books and magazines published in Japan each year. And few magazines of any kind in the world can match this number: Shonen Jump, the leading comic title, has a circulation of 6.5 million copies per week!

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Ever since comics first appeared, there have been people who have criticized them. In the 1940s and 50s, many people believed that comics were immoral and that they caused bad behavior among young people. Even today, many question whether young people should read them at all. They argue that reading comics encourages bad reading habits.

However, some educators nowadays see comics as a way to get teenagers to choose reading instead of watching television or playing video games. And because of the art, a number of educators have argued that comics are a great way to get children to think creatively.

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More recent research has suggested that the combination of visuals and text in comics may be one reason young people handle computers and related software so easily.

In many places, comics have been a convenient way to communicate social or political information. For example, in the 1990s, comics were used by the Brazilian health ministry to communicate information about AIDS.

In Japan, the Education Ministry calls comics "a part of Japan's national culture, recognized and highly regarded abroad." Comics are increasingly being used for educational purposes, and many publishers there see them as a useful way of teaching history and other subjects.

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Comic books are good for children's learning

Parents should not look down on comics as they are just as good for children as reading books, a new study claims.

Researchers have found that children can benefit from stories about Superman and even Dennis the Menace in the same way they can from reading books. According to them, reading any work successfully, including comics, requires more than just absorbing text.

Professor Carol Tilley of Illinois University said that comics are just as complex as other forms of reading, and children benefit from reading them as much as they do from reading other kinds of books. She said there was evidence that comics increased students' vocabulary and instilled a love of reading. Here is what she said in School Library Monthly journal.

"A lot of the criticisms of comics come from people who think that kids are just looking at pictures and not putting them together with the words. But you could easily make some of the same criticisms of picture books that kids are just looking at pictures, and not at the words.

Although they've long accepted picture books as appropriate children's literature, many adults ― even teachers who willingly add comics to their collections ― quickly dismiss the usefulness of comics as texts for young readers.

Any book can be good and any book can be bad, to some extent. It's up to the reader's personality and ability. As a whole, comics are just another medium. And if you really consider how the pictures and words work together to tell a story, you can make the case that comics are just as complex as any other kind of literature."

Lesson 03  No Words Needed

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One of my favorite novels ever is Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. Recently, I saw a movie directed by a very famous Indian director based on this novel. The movie Bride and Prejudice caught my attention with its colorful scenes and funny dialogues. However, what amazed me was that, unlike most Westerners, the two main characters never kissed. Later, I read about the scandal caused by a famous Hollywood actor who tried kissing an Indian actress in public. Then I realized that public displays of affection are not the same everywhere in the world.

Indonesia has a law that bans kissing in public places. The law stipulates that people caught kissing in public can be jailed for up to 10 years and fined. A British writer, George Orwell, noted in his 1934 novel Burmese Days, that the Burmese people do not kiss at all and do not even have a word for this practice. Whether that is true or not, only the Burmese people might know.

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Hand-holding among males is a custom that shows special friendship and respect in several Middle Eastern countries. In parts of North America, on the other hand, holding hands between two men is not socially acceptable. So you can hardly ever see males holding hands in North America.

Kissing or holding hands is not the only example that shows cultural differences. One of my friends, Jane, who visited Bulgaria last year, told me about an embarrassing experience she had there due to her ignorance of a unique Bulgarian gesture. Jane went to a restaurant on her first day in Bulgaria. "I'll have coffee," she told the waiter.

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He shook his head from side to side. "Okay, tea," my friend said, thinking that maybe there was something wrong with the coffee machine. Again, he shook his head. "Um... orange juice?" Once more, he shook his head. By now, he was looking at my friend like she was a crazy person, and Jane was totally confused. Then after she listened to her Bulgarian friend's explanation, she could understand. A shake of the head by a Bulgarian means yes, and a nod ― what the rest of the world does for yes ― means no.

I myself had a similar experience in Greece to the one that Jane had in Bulgaria. I went on a trip to Greece with my friend a few years ago. After sightseeing all day long, on my way back to the Sunrise Hotel, where we were staying, I asked the bus driver if the bus was headed for the hotel. He nodded, and we jumped on the bus. Terribly fatigued, we fell asleep in a minute. But when our sleep was disturbed by the driver, we found ourselves in a totally strange place. It was not until the hotel manager told us the meaning of nodding in Greece that we understood the real meaning of the bus driver's gesture. In Greece, tipping the head back means no while dropping the chin down several times means yes.

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Spitting is another embarrassing custom. Spitting on another person is considered a sign of disrespect in most cultures, but it can be a blessing if done in a certain way among the Masai of Kenya.

For them, spitting on a person or thing is regarded as a sign of respect and good will. Newly born children are spat on by everyone who sees them. When guests visit the Masai village, every Masai spits on his or her hand first before extending it to the visitors. They spit when they meet and when they part. In addition, they expect others to act in the same way. The more generously we spit on them, the greater their pleasure is.

Nonverbal communication is highly culture bound. If you do not know much about other cultures and gestures, communication with people from other societies and ethnic groups is likely to cause misunderstandings. Still, communicating through gestures and customs can be fun. It makes our world vivid and colorful. Silent languages can sometimes be louder than words.

Lesson 04 Weird Inventions

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There are lots of strange inventions around us. Many of them were probably considered weird when they first came out. The bicycle, post-it notes, and even potato chips might have seemed a little unusual until people got used to each idea. With millions of patents granted annually in the world, there are bound to be a few that make us scratch our head.

Cool Shoes

Imagine that it’s a hot summer day and you have been walking up and down the street while window shopping. You may wish there were something to make your feet feel better. These shoes were invented for just that. They have a network of heat exchange coils located in their heels. Every time you take a step, you make a compressor start its function, forcing cool air up into the shoe. This means that the more you walk, the cooler your feet can be. But just be careful. Someone wearing these shoes walked so fast that he got injured by cool air.

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Snowboarder Bumper

Learning to snowboard can be difficult. Falling down is all part of the learning experience, even for skilled boarders. So how do you keep from hurting yourself while you're still in the beginner’s stage of training? The Snowboarder Bumper!

This handy device is worn like a vest, but it's bigger ― much bigger. When you start to fall down, the Snowboarder Bumper will keep you upright enough to recover your balance quickly and easily. (At least that's the theory.) Is there a tree in your way? No problem. You'll just bounce right off. Please don’t forget to remove your bumper before attempting to enter the lodge.

Clocky

This is an alarm clock, called Clocky, which runs away and hides if you don’t get out of bed on time. Clocky allows its owner to snooze just once. If you still don’t wake up, Clocky will jump off the night table and wheel away while bumping into objects until it finds a spot to rest. The only option is to get out of bed and to silence the alarm. Clocky is said to find new hiding spots every morning.

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Subway Sleeper

Have you ever fallen asleep on the subway and missed your stop? A Japanese inventor made an innovative and weird invention to solve this problem. A Subway Sleeper is a specially made helmet that looks like one found at a construction site with a plunger attached to it. The plunger is used to attach the helmet to the windows on the train. A text board is placed in front of the helmet so that other passengers will know when to wake you up. However, you have to ask yourself if relying on the kindness of strangers is really such a good idea.

The Umbrella Tie

As people who live on an island nation which has lots of rain, the Japanese are almost as concerned about the weather as the British. It‘s no wonder then that they have invented so many different types of umbrellas. From shoe umbrellas to umbrella hats, they've done it all. Then how about this umbrella tie? Its dual function convenience means that you will no longer have to worry about leaving your umbrella on the bus. However, as a fashion statement, it does leave something to be desired.

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Eyedrop Funnel Glasses

Never miss your eyeballs again! If you have ever tried putting drops into your own eyes, you will truly appreciate the beauty and simplicity of these eyedrop funnel glasses. In the past, most of the drops would end up on the side of your face, on your forehead, or up your nose, but now you can hit the bull's-eye every single time. There will be no more wasted medication as the funnels will guide the drops directly onto your eyeballs. However, if you blink when you put drops into your eyes, the funnel glasses would be of no use. Maybe a device that would keep you from blinking would be more useful.

Some of these inventions may be a little peculiar, but they are certainly interesting and innovative. Some of them have been used as necessary tools for our lives. Some have disappeared. Even if these ideas are never actually used, it's just good to think outside the box.

Lesson 05  Beyond Your Dreams

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“We still don’t know what cultural properties we lost to the French troops in 1866 and where they are now. As you have studied history, I hope you will try to find them.”

This request was made by a professor to his student, Park Byeongseon, who was about to leave for Paris. She graduated from a college of education as a history major and planned to study education in France. On August 11, 1955, Park arrived in Paris, without imagining she would spend the rest of her life in France.

In 1967, while in a doctoral program, Park received a life-changing job offer from the National Library of France. She took the part-time job without hesitation because she thought that, by being on the staff, she would be able to read books whenever she needed them. There is no doubt that she kept her professor’s request in mind. She thought, she might be able to find or even bring home the precious books taken to France.

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She Found Jikji

Later that year at the library, Park discovered a very old book, with the title clearly printed on the cover: Jikji. It was the second volume of Baegun Hwasang Chorok Buljo Jikji Simche Yojeol, written and published in the late Goryeo period. It was donated to the library in 1950, by a French art collector who had bought the book at an auction in 1911. To her surprise, an inscription at the end of the book read “printed with movable metal type at Heungdeok Temple in the seventh year of Seonkwang (the third year of King Woo of Goryeo).” The year was 1377. If the inscription was true, it meant that the book was printed with movable metal type 78 years earlier than the Gutenberg Bible, which had long been thought to be the world’s first book printed with movable metal type.

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It was a stunning discovery, but it did not seem that the world would believe her. She needed proof. Park began to study ancient Korean printing technology and experimented with letter blocks made from various materials. After years of effort, she managed to find that the metal type printing leaves traces of metal on the edges of printed words. Jikji was proved to have been printed with movable metal type. Presented at the 1972 International Book Year Exhibition, Jikji became known as the world’s oldest book printed with movable metal type. In 2001, it was listed on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register.

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The Search for Lost Books Continued

Park’s hunt for lost Korean books did not end there. Through her ceaseless searching, she discovered the royal books that had been taken away from Oegyujanggak, the royal library on Ganghwado, by French troops during their attack in 1866. To find them, she searched every possible place for over 10 years, but her efforts were in vain. One day in 1977, her French co-worker told her that she had seen piles of damaged Chinese books in another building in the National Library. There, among the damaged books, she found 297 volumes of Uigwe, the royal books that recorded major national events in texts and images.

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In 1978, Park told the Korean embassy and reporters in Paris about the books, and she insisted that the books should be returned to Korea. When the books became known to the world, she was forced to resign from her job for the reason that she had revealed some of the library’s secret information. However, she continued her research to interpret the records in Uigwe, which was completed in 1990. Thanks to her research, more and more Koreans became concerned with the royal books and demanded their return. The Korean government officially requested the return of the books in 1992, and, at last, 297 volumes of the Oegyujanggak Uigwe arrived in Seoul in April and May 2011.

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To Young Koreans

When visiting Korea to see Uigwe returned, Park gave this message to young Koreans.

“I’m very glad to see Uigwe finally back in Korea. Yet, since it is not a permanent return but a lease, we should work together to have the books stay in Korea forever and not ever go back to France.”

On November 22, 2011, she passed away from cancer. Even in the last days of her life, she did not stop dreaming. She planned to collect documents in France about some Korean independence movements during the Japanese occupation. Her passion will give young Koreans courage to reach for their dreams, and her love for Korea will be remembered as a precious heritage.

Lesson 06 Noblesse Oblige: The Story Behind The Burghers of Calais

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The following is the story behind Auguste Rodin's sculpture "The Burghers of Calais." Through the heroic self-sacrifice of the noblemen in Calais, it teaches us the lesson of "noblesse oblige," which means that people with power and influence should use their social positions to help other people.

The Rodin Museum is one of the most popular tourist sites in Paris. It includes a lovely old house surrounded by a huge garden, with several of Rodin’s sculptures positioned here and there. One sculpture in particular is placed so that all passersby can enjoy it even without entering the museum. Rodin’s depiction of The Burghers of Calais stands by a glass wall, and anyone walking down the Rue de Varenne can see it.

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The Burghers of Calais is one of the most famous sculptures by Auguste Rodin. It was completed in 1895. It serves as a monument to an occurrence in 1347 during the Hundred Years' War. Calais, an important French port on the English Channel, had held up against attacks from the British army for about one year. However, the starving citizens of Calais could no longer hold out. King Edward III told the people of Calais that they would all be killed unless six of their top leaders (called burghers) presented themselves to him while dressed only in their shirts and with ropes around their necks and the keys to the city in their hands.

When the people of Calais heard the message from King Edward III at the marketplace, they cried in despair. Soon afterward, however, Sir Eustache de St. Pierre, one of the richest citizens of Calais, volunteered to die. He got up and said, “Gentlemen, it would be a great shame to allow so many people to starve to death if there were any way of preventing it. And it would be highly pleasing to Our Lord if anyone could save them from such a fate. I have such faith and trust in gaining pardon and grace from Our Lord if I die in the attempt, that I will put myself forward as the first. I will willingly go out in my shirt, bareheaded and barefoot, with a rope round my neck and put myself at the mercy of the king of England.”

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After he said these words, the crowd practically worshipped him, and a number of men and women fell at his feet while weeping bitterly. It was a very emotional scene to witness. Then, six more heroes also followed him. This made a total of seven burghers, so one person had to be excluded. “Let’s meet at the marketplace tomorrow morning and exclude the last person to arrive,” suggested Saint Pierre, and everyone agreed.

Their painful night became longer and longer. The next day, six people gathered early in the morning. However, Saint Pierre did not come. Everyone in Calais wondered about him. He could not come because he was already dead. He committed suicide for the glory of Calais lest the people who chose to die should have their courage weakened.

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At the last moment, the burghers were on the verge of being executed; however, King Edward III’s pregnant wife pleaded for the lives of the brave hostages and persuaded the king to show mercy by saying that their deaths would be a bad sign for her unborn child. As a result, the lives of the six burghers of Calais were spared. St. Pierre and the six brave heroes saved the people of Calais from the English siege during the Hundred Years' War.

537 years later in 1884, the city of Calais decided to erect a statue named The Burghers of Calais in memory of the bravery and heroic self-sacrifice of the men. The city of Calais asked Auguste Rodin to create the sculpture. He put all his effort into making the statue for ten years. This sculpture depicts the six citizens at the moment when they were about to leave Calais for the king's camp. Torn between their desire to stay alive and their desire to save the lives of the people in Calais, they slowly set out on their difficult journey.

Lesson 07 Beauty and Drama in Ancient Works of Art

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Everyone has, at one time or another, found some old object, picked it up, and wondered about it. How old is it? Who made it? How was it used? Who lost it?

All over the world, archaeologists find old objects and wonder about them. Archaeology is the discovery and study of ancient objects: to find out who made them, how they were used, and how they were lost. Things that are found are often all that is left to tell us about the forgotten past.

In some places, whole cities have been found by archaeologists. Some had been destroyed by fire or by earthquakes, and some by war. Some cities had just been abandoned, to be covered by drifting sands or hidden by thick jungles.

Broken pottery, bits of stone and brick, or lost jewels tell the archaeologist about the lives of ancient people. Once in a while, sometimes quite by accident, a great work of art that has been lost for hundreds of years may be discovered.

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Ancient Works of Art Discovered by Accident

One day four boys and their dog were playing in the woods near Lascaux, in France. Suddenly their dog disappeared down a hole. One of the boys went into the hole to rescue his dog, and found himself in an underground cave.

The walls were covered with large, powerful paintings of animals. The boys had discovered a cave that had been used in the time of the Old Stone Age. Archaeologists think that the paintings may be more than fifteen thousand years old. The picture above shows a section of a wall in the Lascaux cave.

Prehistoric paintings in two other European caves were discovered by children. A five-year-old girl discovered the cave paintings of Altamira in Spain, and three brothers discovered paintings in the Les Trois Fréres cave in France. Archaeologists, especially a French priest, the Abbé Henri Breuil, studied the paintings to learn about the lives and customs of Stone Age men who made their tools and weapons of stone because they did not yet know about metals. The cavemen believed that their paintings served a magical purpose: to bring success when they went hunting for food.

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A stray goat led to the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls. A young shepherd searching for his goat along the rocky shores of the Dead Sea in Jordan came upon the entrance to a dark cave. He called a friend and they explored the cave together. They found rows of clay jars. Inside the jars were rolls of leather and papyrus, wrapped in linen. The rolls, or scrolls, were covered with ancient Hebrew writing.

The boys had discovered the earliest known Hebrew manuscripts of the Old Testament. The scrolls were brittle with age. Archaeologists worked with great care to keep them from crumbling into dust.

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What Do Archaeologists Do?

Archaeologists not only look for lost objects, but they also look for answers to all of the questions about the things they find. Archaeologists studied the stone Pueblo god and made a copy, with the lost arm replaced, to show how the god looked long ago. They also painted the copy with the stripes of the original.    Finding objects is just one part of the archaeologist's work. Studying the objects, comparing them, and restoring them to their original state are also parts of the archaeologist's work. In hundreds of ways, archaeologists dig up things of the past to learn more and more about people of ancient times. Their work is important because we can not only learn how to improve modern living but also avoid some of the problems of earlier times. We can determine our own levels of progress, or even "regress," and work forwards towards improvement and betterment. It is also our good fortune that archaeologists discover great and beautiful works of art.

Lesson 08  A Sound Decision for the Environment

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We have all been in the grocery store at one time or another and been asked, "Paper or plastic?" Some shoppers automatically answer "plastic" since they are convinced that they are making a better choice for the environment. Others, believing the very same thing, ask for paper. Which would you choose? Let's take a look at both paper and plastic bags and weigh all the costs to the environment.

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How Are They Produced?

Paper comes from trees ― lots and lots of trees. About 14 billion trees are cut down annually to produce the 10 billion paper bags Americans consume each year. Manufacturing paper bags not only destroys forests, major absorbers of greenhouse gases, but it also uses other resources and causes pollution. Trees are cut and dried by electric machines and then cooked with chemicals to become pulp. Thousands of gallons of fresh water and hazardous chemicals are used every time the pulp is washed and bleached. According to some studies, the production of paper bags takes four times more energy and generates 50 times more water pollutants than plastic bag production.

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Plastic bags, however, can never be the more eco-friendly choice as they consume larger amounts of crude oil and natural gas than paper bags. The U.S. annually uses 100 billion plastic bags, which are made from an estimated 12 million barrels of oil. In addition, plastics production requires chemicals. In a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ranking of chemicals that generate the most hazardous waste, five of the top six are commonly used by the plastic industry.

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Are They Biodegradable?

Paper is biodegradable, but it cannot completely break down in modern landfills because of the lack of water, light, air, and other necessary elements. About 95 percent of garbage is buried beneath layers of soil that make it difficult for air and light to reach the garbage.

Although they take up less space in landfills, plastic bags are not biodegradable. They will not break down over time. Worldwide, an estimated four billion plastic bags end up as trash each year. Tied end to end, the bags could circle the Earth 63 times. A lot of people believe that plastic will biodegrade underground, but, in fact, it will be there for centuries.

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Are They Recyclable?

Paper can be returned to pulp by using many chemicals to bleach and separate the fibers. It takes much more energy to recycle a pound of paper than it takes to recycle a pound of plastic. Although paper bags have a higher recycling rate than plastic, each new paper grocery bag you use is made mostly from new pulp for better strength. Bags that are recycled are often turned into cardboard, not new paper bags.

Recycling almost any kind of plastic involves melting and re-forming it. Because bags must first be separated by the type of plastic they were made from, the process is time-consuming and expensive. For example, it can cost $4,000 to recycle one ton of plastic bags. Besides, the quality of recycled plastic is not very good. More often than not, bags collected for recycling do not get recycled. They are carried to other countries, where they are cheaply burned under less strict environmental laws.

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What You Can Do

Both paper and plastic bags damage the environment. They produce waste that will not biodegrade easily. They not only require lots of energy and resources but also cause serious pollution in the process of production and recycling. Therefore, the answer should always be "neither," every time we hear the question, "Paper or plastic?" There are several ways to do without paper or plastic bags:

1. Just say no to bags. Think twice about asking for a paper or plastic bag every time you shop for small purchases.

2. Prepare reusable cloth bags and keep them in your home, office, and car, so they will be available when you go shopping.

3. Reuse the bags you have. Use colorful bags as wrapping paper; line your trash cans with them; cut bags apart to use as table covers when painting with the kids; be creative and be green!